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Weight Loss Forum / Low Carb / February 2007

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Atkins and Cancer

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B29 - 23 Feb 2007 18:07 GMT
I have been on the Atkins diet since 1999. I have never gone off this diet.
I have waivered between intake and maintenance, but have never gone off this
diet for even a day.

So, I had an interesting thought yesterday after I just had a colonoscopy.

First, nine years ago I had a colonoscopy where they found and excised some
benign polyps. I also had growths on my body that where like 1 inch strings
of skin. Something had happened to the cells on my skin and was causing it
to grow abnormally.

A year after starting Atkins, these skin growths all disappeared. My latest
colonoscopy revealed no polyps whatever.

Now, my father had these same strings of skin growing on his body at my age.
He first got prostate cancer and it was cured. He then got glioblastoma in
his brain and it killed him. I suspect but of course cannot prove that these
strings of skin may indicate that the body has become susceptible to
abnormal cell growth.

I have formed a very tentative hypothesis that an extremely low carb diet
reduces the incidence of cancer. My wife calls my adherence to the diet as
fanatical. I know it is not fanatical, I simply never cheat because I know
that if I did, I would not be able to stop cheating.

My health improved remarkably after starting Atkins. I never wanted that
effect to go away. I am 64 yers old. Are there any other oldsters out there
who have noticed a similar effect from the low carb diet? BTW, my last total
cholesterol reading was 105 taken 3 months ago.
Bob in CT - 23 Feb 2007 18:29 GMT
> I have been on the Atkins diet since 1999. I have never gone off this  
> diet.
[quoted text clipped - 39 lines]
> total
> cholesterol reading was 105 taken 3 months ago.

Are you sure that's the total cholesterol reading?  That's very low.  I  
think that many cancers (and diseases in general) have a sugar/insulin  
mechanism to them.

Signature

Bob in CT

B29 - 23 Feb 2007 21:11 GMT
> Are you sure that's the total cholesterol reading?  That's very low.  I
> think that many cancers (and diseases in general) have a sugar/insulin
> mechanism to them.

Yes that reading is correct. I am taking 40 mg Zocor per day and this was
taken while I was on one of my "intake" spells. My cholesterol drops about
20 points when I give up carbs entirely. On my maintenance diet (I should
say that my maintenance diet means a cap of 60 carbs per day) my
cholersterol rises to about 125.
Bob in CT - 23 Feb 2007 21:58 GMT
>> Are you sure that's the total cholesterol reading?  That's very low.  I
>> think that many cancers (and diseases in general) have a sugar/insulin
[quoted text clipped - 9 lines]
> say that my maintenance diet means a cap of 60 carbs per day) my
> cholersterol rises to about 125.

You might want to reconsider taking Zocor.  Low cholesterol values have  
been indicated with a higher incidence of dying early.

Signature

Bob in CT

FOB - 23 Feb 2007 22:41 GMT
Cholesterol that is too low can also be a problem, it doesn't sound like you
should be taking Zocor.

| Yes that reading is correct. I am taking 40 mg Zocor per day and this
| was taken while I was on one of my "intake" spells. My cholesterol
| drops about 20 points when I give up carbs entirely. On my
| maintenance diet (I should say that my maintenance diet means a cap
| of 60 carbs per day) my cholersterol rises to about 125.
B29 - 24 Feb 2007 01:00 GMT
> Cholesterol that is too low can also be a problem, it doesn't sound like
> you
> should be taking Zocor.

There was a large study published about 4 years ago. It showed that using
large doses of statins and profoundly lowering lipids would actually improve
blood flow in arteries constricted by plaque. I started lowering my lipids
at this time. Over the years this has improved my blood flow to my heart. I
did have "two flight" eschemia. Two flight, meaning going up two flights of
stairs. I can no dash up 2 flights of stairs in my home without suffering
exertional angina. I consider this success. I wonder what the mechanism is
that kills you early with your lipids being too low. I will have to do some
internet research on this subject.

If I see there is a problem I will then have to decide how high to raise my
lipids. The average monkey in the wild has a total cholesterol count of 100.
I figured that was a good target. Thanks for the reply and advice.
Marengo - 26 Feb 2007 22:56 GMT
|> Cholesterol that is too low can also be a problem, it doesn't sound like
|> you
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
|large doses of statins and profoundly lowering lipids would actually improve
|blood flow in arteries constricted by plaque.

Even the drug companies admit that there is absolutely no correlation
between taking statins and lower incidence of heart attack or stroke.
Statins = the single biggest moneymaking scam ever perpetrated on the
public.  PT Barnum would be proud.-
B29 - 27 Feb 2007 01:33 GMT
Well, as I said, seriously lowering my total cholesteral, increasing my hdl,
has dramatically improved my exertional angina.
Looking at the charts for life span and lipid readings, I would say it might
be time to bring my total reading up to the 150 mark now that the artery is
so much better.

It is hard to understand how very low cholesterol readings are related to
pneumonia and suicide. It makes no sense to me. However, I will have accept
the numbers and raise my lipids so that I am in the lowest risk area. There
have been no long term studies released that show if continued very low chol
will keep widening arteries.

BTW have you ever looked at the amazing correlation between long term statin
use and alzheimers. Long term use of statins = 80 per cent reduction in
chance of acquiring alzheimers.

> |> Cholesterol that is too low can also be a problem, it doesn't sound
> like
[quoted text clipped - 10 lines]
> Statins = the single biggest moneymaking scam ever perpetrated on the
> public.  PT Barnum would be proud.-
Aaron Baugher - 27 Feb 2007 13:46 GMT
> It is hard to understand how very low cholesterol readings are
> related to pneumonia and suicide. It makes no sense to me.

I don't have any theories, but it wouldn't be that surprising, since
cholesterol is involved in more body processes than heart health.  For
example, exposure to sunlight causes the conversion of cholesterol to
vitamin D to take place in your skin.  So if you're on a typically
modern nutrient-poor diet in the first place, *and* you avoid the sun
out of fear of skin cancer, *and* you keep your cholesterol levels
very low, it seems likely that you'd be low in vitamin D, which could
have further effects not easily related to your cholesterol levels.
There could be many such chain reactions.

(When I first heard about this cholesterol + sunlight = D process, I
wondered if the cholesterol fear-mongers would become tanning fans.
Nope, and I should have known better.  The sun is free, after all, and
can't be patented like a new statin drug.

Signature

Aaron -- 285/235/200 -- http://aaron.baugher.biz/

"If you hear hoofbeats, you just go ahead and think horsies, not
zebras."

Bob in CT - 27 Feb 2007 15:20 GMT
> Well, as I said, seriously lowering my total cholesteral, increasing my  
> hdl,
[quoted text clipped - 18 lines]
> use and alzheimers. Long term use of statins = 80 per cent reduction in
> chance of acquiring alzheimers.

What studies?

Signature

Bob in CT

B29 - 27 Feb 2007 16:58 GMT
Here is one study I found. There are more.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1172124

I am still planning to speak with my physician about raising my cholesterol
level. I am getting concerned about the long term effects of a total chol of
105. My searches on the web always come up with negative outcomes for a
number this low. I am thinking about getting one of those home test kits for
lipids. That way I could keep my lipids on track the way people with type 2
diabetes do with their BG.

> Well, as I said, seriously lowering my total cholesteral, increasing my
> hdl,
[quoted text clipped - 18 lines]
> use and alzheimers. Long term use of statins = 80 per cent reduction in
> chance of acquiring alzheimers.

What studies?

Signature

Bob in CT

Bob in CT - 27 Feb 2007 17:22 GMT
The problem with these studies is the same problem with studies of  
cholesterol and heart disease -- the studies are paid for by the very  
persons (i.e., drug companies) who will benefit from a positive outcome.  
Now, that doesn't necessarily meant that the study is invalid, but it does  
imply some potential bias.

I read the linked item, but there's not enough data to determine really  
what the conclusion was or what the method was.

> Here is one study I found. There are more.
> http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1172124
[quoted text clipped - 35 lines]
>
> What studies?

Signature

Bob in CT

Pat - 28 Feb 2007 00:28 GMT
"Bob in CT"The problem with these studies is the same problem with studies
of
cholesterol and heart disease -- the studies are paid for by the very
persons (i.e., drug companies) who will benefit from a positive outcome.
Now, that doesn't necessarily meant that the study is invalid, but it does
imply some potential bias.

I have heard similar arguments before relating to ANY study. But, consider
this: who else is interested enough to fund a study?  A hiking shoe company
is not going to fund a study on cholesterol.  A maker of tennis racquets is
not going to put up money to study cholesterol....

Unless you are arguing for government funding of ALL studies.  Is that what
you are arguing?  It has become fashionable to find out who gave the money
for the study--any study--and then denigrate the findings simply because of
the funding connection. That's unfortunate. These colleges or labs doing the
study are probably taking the utmost care to avoid bias.  After all,
wouldn't you if your reputation depended upon how the study was set up (not
the outcome--the parameters of the study itself). You wouldn't want the
"anti" people to point and say "Well, Yale is at fault; they were dupes of
the drug company!" or somesuch.

Once, I was at a friend's house when the GAO report about the deficit came
on the news.  The reporter said that the GAO released a statement saying
that the US deficit was at its highest point in history, adjusted for
inflation.  I said to my friend: "You see what President Bush has done with
his policies?" and she replied, "Oh, that was the "Democrat" TV station---if
I turned the channel, the "Republican" station would say just the opposite!"

I was left to muttering, "But it's the Government's office that reported
this!" and she said, "It doesn't matter--they're biased against George
Bush!"

Pat in TX (my friend lives in Oklahoma)
Ophelia - 28 Feb 2007 08:04 GMT
> "Bob in CT"The problem with these studies is the same problem with studies
> of
[quoted text clipped - 29 lines]
> this!" and she said, "It doesn't matter--they're biased against George
> Bush!"

Excellent point!
Susan - 27 Feb 2007 18:16 GMT
> Here is one study I found. There are more.
> http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1172124
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
> lipids. That way I could keep my lipids on track the way people with type 2
> diabetes do with their BG.

One of the serious consequences of low total and/or LDL cholesterol is
the body's inability to produce adequate adrenal hormones without it.
Adrenal  hormones are immunoprotective and save our lives under
stressful conditions.

Susan
B29 - 27 Feb 2007 21:44 GMT
Thank you all for your thoughts. I am truly convinced I must do something
about my chol. I got a flu bug about ten days ago and now I have been
dealing with pneumonia like symptoms for three days. I think I am getting
the message. My fever finally broke today about 10 am. I have a terrible
headache right now and I tried to reach my physician. However, he is off
today. I am lucky that my wife is here to care for me. I hope to get reach
my doctor tomorrow.

My doctor had recently congratulated me for having the best lipid panel he
had ever seen. low ldl, triglycerides. Well, there is obviously a limit to
what we might call success in the lipid department. If we look at that
number the way most people do, true success would be when we have a total
chol of 0. I think our physicians need to let people know what a truly
healthy lipid panel should look like. The lower is better mantra is
dangerous.

> x-no-archive: yes
>
[quoted text clipped - 14 lines]
>
> Susan
Jbuch - 27 Feb 2007 21:58 GMT
> Thank you all for your thoughts. I am truly convinced I must do something
> about my chol. I got a flu bug about ten days ago and now I have been
[quoted text clipped - 11 lines]
> healthy lipid panel should look like. The lower is better mantra is
> dangerous.

Good luck.

Glad to see that you have enough of an open mind to allow other ideas to
get in there.

Jim
Cheri - 23 Feb 2007 19:03 GMT
My hubby had colon cancer many years ago. He is checked quite often, and
since the surgery, he has never had polyps again. However, he does not,
and never has low carbed, so dunno. Are you talking about skin tags for
the growths?

Cheri

B29 wrote in message

>First, nine years ago I had a colonoscopy where they found and excised some
>benign polyps. I also had growths on my body that where like 1 inch strings
>of skin. Something had happened to the cells on my skin and was causing it
>to grow abnormally.
B29 - 23 Feb 2007 21:14 GMT
> My hubby had colon cancer many years ago. He is checked quite often, and
> since the surgery, he has never had polyps again. However, he does not,
> and never has low carbed, so dunno. Are you talking about skin tags for
> the growths?
>
> Cheri

I don't know what skin tags are Cheri. It sounds like maybe they are what I
had. I just read some internet defintions and it sounds like they are what I
had. Like I said, they all disappeared after starting Atkins.
Cheri - 23 Feb 2007 21:39 GMT
They're really common in the neck area as we get older. We're close to
the same age. I'm soon to be 61, and now that you mention it I haven't
had a skin tag in a really long time either, but dunno if it has
anything to do with LC or not. The couple of things that I do know for
sure about LC, is that LC takes away heartburn in most cases, it makes
me feel better (more energetic and not feeling slugged out) and it keeps
my diabetic numbers in fairly good shape. I'm sticking with it, but
unlike you, I do have a slip now and then. Take care.

Cheri

B29 wrote in message ...

>I don't know what skin tags are Cheri. It sounds like maybe they are what I
>had. I just read some internet defintions and it sounds like they are what I
>had. Like I said, they all disappeared after starting Atkins.
rk - 24 Feb 2007 04:51 GMT
: They're really common in the neck area as we get older. We're close to
: the same age. I'm soon to be 61, and now that you mention it I haven't
[quoted text clipped - 6 lines]
:
: Cheri

I can tell you that skin tags are caused mainly from high insulin
resistance.  My daughter has them on her neck from the PCOS.
If you google PCOS and Insulin Resistance, you'll get lots of refs
to skin tags.

HTH.

rk

: B29 wrote in message ...
:
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
: what I
: >had. Like I said, they all disappeared after starting Atkins.
Susan - 24 Feb 2007 16:19 GMT
> They're really common in the neck area as we get older. We're close to
> the same age. I'm soon to be 61, and now that you mention it I haven't
[quoted text clipped - 4 lines]
> my diabetic numbers in fairly good shape. I'm sticking with it, but
> unlike you, I do have a slip now and then. Take care.

I used to get a lot of them years ago, but they stopped as soon as I
switched to low carb.  They're generally considered a marker for insulin
resistance.

Susan
Cheri - 24 Feb 2007 16:50 GMT
I'm not surprised. I have noticed that I don't have them anymore, and
have been LC for a long time, though I never did equate LC with the
disappearance of them until reading the posts the past couple of days.

Cheri

>I used to get a lot of them years ago, but they stopped as soon as I
>switched to low carb.  They're generally considered a marker for insulin
>resistance.
>
>Susan
Pat - 23 Feb 2007 19:03 GMT
> I have formed a very tentative hypothesis that an extremely low carb diet
> reduces the incidence of cancer. My wife calls my adherence to the diet as
> fanatical. I know it is not fanatical, I simply never cheat because I know
> that if I did, I would not be able to stop cheating.

Something odd about this statement of yours. The Atkins diet is not "an
extremely low carb diet."

Besides, you are making the leap that carbohydrates cause cancer.  I haven't
seen that theory anywhere else. It reminds me of the time I took my 3 year
old to go over a bridge.  He clapped his hands and the bridge raised to
allow a sailboat to go under it.  After that, he was sure that clapping his
hands caused bridges to elevate....

Pat in TX
B29 - 23 Feb 2007 21:21 GMT
> Something odd about this statement of yours. The Atkins diet is not "an
> extremely low carb diet."

They way I regulate my diet is extremely low carb. I cap my maintenance diet
at 60 carbs per day and try to stay at zero for my "intake" periods.
Unfortunately, that is what it takes for me to maintain a normal weight.

You will note Pat, that I said "very tentative theory". I hope you realize
that there are no studies to connect type 2 diabetes and lifetime
carbohydrate intake. Any large study would be prohibitively expensive or
just plain impossible. However, if you think just a little about the way we
metabolize carbohydrates, you would have to be a sugar company executive to
deny any connection between a high lifetime intake of carbohydrates and type
2.

The lack of studies in this area paralyzes dieticians from making any
connections.

I am going to keep clapping my hands.

> Besides, you are making the leap that carbohydrates cause cancer.  I
> haven't seen that theory anywhere else. It reminds me of the time I took
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
>
> Pat in TX
Pat - 23 Feb 2007 23:25 GMT
> They way I regulate my diet is extremely low carb. I cap my maintenance
> diet at 60 carbs per day and try to stay at zero for my "intake" periods.
> Unfortunately, that is what it takes for me to maintain a normal weight.

What is an "intake period"?

> You will note Pat, that I said "very tentative theory". I hope you realize
> that there are no studies to connect type 2 diabetes and lifetime
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
> executive to deny any connection between a high lifetime intake of
> carbohydrates and type 2.

Sorry, this is called trying to prove a negative. Why don't you look into
populations that are largely vegetarian, i.e., Seventh Day Adventists and
others, and see if their history shows any larger than usual amount of
cancers?  You see, I think that if there were a positive connect between
carbohydrtes and cancer, some Oncologist researcher would have had a
"eureka!" moment long before now....

> The lack of studies in this area paralyzes dieticians from making any
> connections.

No, they aren't "paralyzed." Studies of vegetarian and vegan communities and
even other populations that are largely vegetarian such as people in India,
haven't show an increase in cancer.

Pat in TX
B29 - 24 Feb 2007 01:13 GMT
>> They way I regulate my diet is extremely low carb. I cap my maintenance
>> diet at 60 carbs per day and try to stay at zero for my "intake" periods.
>> Unfortunately, that is what it takes for me to maintain a normal weight.
>
> What is an "intake period"?

An intake period is for me a few months when I lower my carb intake to 10 or
below.

>> You will note Pat, that I said "very tentative theory". I hope you
>> realize that there are no studies to connect type 2 diabetes and lifetime
[quoted text clipped - 10 lines]
> carbohydrtes and cancer, some Oncologist researcher would have had a
> "eureka!" moment long before now....

I personally think that a vegetarian diet is a good one. But you made a leap
when you were thinking that vegetarian diets are most likely high
carbohydrate diets. Also, lets make a distinction between simple, complex,
and very complex carbohydrates. I don't eat simple or complex carbohydrates.
That means I don't eat grains of any type or fruit.

>> The lack of studies in this area paralyzes dieticians from making any
>> connections.
>
> No, they aren't "paralyzed." Studies of vegetarian and vegan communities
> and even other populations that are largely vegetarian such as people in
> India, haven't show an increase in cancer.

Of course not, they don't eat huge amounts of simple carbohydrates.
Americans do! When Americans follow a low fat diet, those calories are
replaced almost entirely with simple carbohydrates. I believe it is simple
carbohydrates that do the most damage in our diet. So, I avoid them
completely. I am happy with my diet.

My wife makes me pancakes in the morning. These pancakes are made with
cream, eggs, and protein powder. I drown them in Davinci maple syrup. It is
an easy diet to follow if you have a partner who likes to cook and makes
your food without carbohydrates. She even invented carb free bread for us. I
love sandwiches.

Again, I think the Pritikin diet and vegetarian diets are good. They are
just not something I have the will power to follow for the rest of my life.

I like eating dead animals.
Susan - 23 Feb 2007 19:06 GMT
> I have been on the Atkins diet since 1999. I have never gone off this diet.
> I have waivered between intake and maintenance, but have never gone off this
[quoted text clipped - 25 lines]
> who have noticed a similar effect from the low carb diet? BTW, my last total
> cholesterol reading was 105 taken 3 months ago.

It's not a new or unsupported theory; just do a Medline search of
"hyerinsulinemia AND colon cancer."  Then do the same for prostate,
breast, ovarian, pancreatic...

Susan
B29 - 23 Feb 2007 21:28 GMT
> It's not a new or unsupported theory; just do a Medline search of
> "hyerinsulinemia AND colon cancer."  Then do the same for prostate,
> breast, ovarian, pancreatic...
>
> Susan

Wow, Susan, I just did that. So much for "my theory". It appears to be
widely accepted already. It never occurred to me that anyone had done a
study on this. I just figured I was thinking this up on my own.

I guess I will do a search before I present what I thought was my original
idea again. The guy who likened this theory to clapping your hands for the
bridge to open had not done a search either. He would have realized that it
has already gained wide acceptance.

Well, I guess this is yet another reason to stay low carb.
Pat - 23 Feb 2007 23:27 GMT
>> It's not a new or unsupported theory; just do a Medline search of
>> "hyerinsulinemia AND colon cancer."  Then do the same for prostate,
[quoted text clipped - 12 lines]
>
> Well, I guess this is yet another reason to stay low carb.

No, "hyperinsulemia" (I assume she mean hyper instead of hyer) is not the
same as carbohydrates in general causing cancer. You are making a huge leap
in logic.

Pat in TX
Susan - 24 Feb 2007 16:18 GMT
> No, "hyperinsulemia" (I assume she mean hyper instead of hyer) is not the
> same as carbohydrates in general causing cancer. You are making a huge leap
> in logic.

The body responds to higher carb intake with higher insulin secretion.
 This may explain why the highest starch eaters in the Harvard nurses'
study had the most breast cancer and the highest fat eaters the least.
A confirmatory result was found in a study of Mexican women, years later.

Susan
Jbuch - 23 Feb 2007 23:38 GMT
>>It's not a new or unsupported theory; just do a Medline search of
>>"hyerinsulinemia AND colon cancer."  Then do the same for prostate,
[quoted text clipped - 12 lines]
>
> Well, I guess this is yet another reason to stay low carb.

Actually, it is really easy to invent or reinvent theories of subjects
new to you.

On the one hand, the positive side is that it shows you are capable of
thinking.

The other hand though is that it is a little embarrasing, for some, to
realize that they hadn't taken the time to run the marvelous search
engines on the internet to see if they were inventors or reinventors.

Sometimes I forget to run the search engines myself.

But, I am getting better.

And, before retirement, did have valid original thoughts. But I was
often unsettled to realize that some things had never been "invented"
before - when they were so obviously needed and easy to find with the
proper perspective.

Keep at the dietary approach, and maybe keep us posted on how your
personal results match with your latest discoveries of what has been
published in hyperinsulinema.
B29 - 24 Feb 2007 01:20 GMT
> Actually, it is really easy to invent or reinvent theories of subjects
> new to you.
[quoted text clipped - 18 lines]
> personal results match with your latest discoveries of what has been
> published in hyperinsulinema.

I worked for 20 years at a medical school. I confided in a scientist there
about a pet theory I had. I told him that I felt that random natural
selection could not account for the speed with which some species have
morphed. I said that I believed that there is coding in all living thing's
dna that promotes productive adaptation to a changing environment. I told
him that in 2003. He laughed and told me he came up with the very same
theory in 1970. He could never publish or even confide his theory to fellow
scientists. He was afraid of being branded a creationist and losing all his
grants. There are no studies for this idea and I cannot imagine a study that
could be done. I do wonder how many health professionals and scientists have
had the very same thought and are afraid to speak.
Jbuch - 24 Feb 2007 01:56 GMT
>>Actually, it is really easy to invent or reinvent theories of subjects
>>new to you.
[quoted text clipped - 30 lines]
> could be done. I do wonder how many health professionals and scientists have
> had the very same thought and are afraid to speak.

Punctuated equilibrium, I believe was the phrase that Jay Gould used in
1972 to describe a herky jerky form of evolution  which could be
environmentally responsive or that the significant genetic changes
happened in spirts, rather in a steady drop by drop drip.

Evolution is so hard to figure out because there are no quick and dirty
definitive experiments you can do over a weekend or evne a couple of months.

This environmental idea was just in the scientific news
(www.sciencedaily.com, www.newscientist.com or www.eureka.com) in the
last couple of weeks. Again. With more emphasis on taking note of
environment (the laboratory environment and the associated variables
such as cage size, density of animals, exercise equipment, ....) as a
variable in certain forms of genetic research.

In recent years, there have been discussions of other factors besides
the genes for control of animal characteristics. For example, it has
been known for many decades that identical twins very commonly have
quite different personalities, but in theory have identical genes. Genes
by themselves aren't the whole story.

Genes, so I have read, can be turned on and off, in some cases, by
outside influences.

I've forgotten which biological entities were cited as being capable of
determining biological characteristics besides genes. So, no matter how
wonderful the genetic code, it ain't necessarily all of the story. But,
it was the major focus for such a long time.

I suppose you are aware that Darwin had no knowledge of genetics at the
time of his major book. Mendel's work was published after the "Origin of
Species" was published 1859. Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in
Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brunn: it had little
impact and was cited about three times over the next thirty-five years.

Genetics became a science a little after those 35 years.

Stuff is changing as we learn more.

Stuff is changing as the old guard retires or dies off, possibly equally
as importantly as changing from learning more.
 
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