The Collapse of the Theory of Evolution in 20 Questions

1 WHY IS THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION NOT SCIENTIFICALLY VALID?

THE theory of evolution maintains that life on Earth came about as the
result of chance and emerged by itself from natural conditions. This
theory is not a scientific law or a proven fact. Underneath its
scientific façade it is a materialist worldview that Darwinists are
trying to impose on society. The bases of this theory, which has been
disproved by science in every field, are suggestions and propaganda
methods consisting of deceptions, falsehood, contradiction, cheating,
and sleight of hand.

The theory of evolution was put forward as an imaginary hypothesis in
the context of the primitive scientific understanding of the
nineteenth century, and to this day it has not been backed up by any
scientific discovery or experiment. On the contrary, all the methods
employed to confirm the theory have merely proven its invalidity.

However, even today many people think that the theory is a proven
fact, like the force of gravity or the law of buoyancy. Because, as
stated at the beginning, the true nature of the theory of evolution is
very different from what is usually supposed. For this reason, some
people do not know what rotten foundations this theory has, how it is
disproved by science at every turn, and how evolutionists are trying
to keep it alive in its death throes. Evolutionists have no other
support than unconfirmed hypotheses, biased and unrealistic
observations, and imaginary drawings, methods of psychological
suggestion, countless falsehoods, and sleight-of-hand techniques.

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Nothing was known in Darwin's time about the complex structure of the
cell

Today, such branches of science as paleontology, genetics,
biochemistry, and molecular biology have proven that it is quite
impossible for life to come about as a result of chance and to emerge
by itself from natural conditions. The living cell, it is commonly
agreed by the world of science, is the most complex structure that
mankind has so far encountered. Modern science has revealed that just
one living cell has a much more complex structure and mutually
interconnected complicated systems than a large city. Such a complex
structure can only function if all its separate parts emerge at the
same time and in full working order. Otherwise, it will serve no
purpose, and will fall apart over time and disappear. We cannot expect
that its parts developed by chance over millions of years as claimed
by the theory of evolution. For that reason, the complex design in
just one cell clearly shows that God created life. (For more details,
see Harun Yahya, The Miracle in the Cell)

However, those who defend materialist philosophy do not want to accept
the fact of creation for various ideological reasons. That is because
the existence and spread of societies living in the light of that
beautiful morality that true religion offers to man by means of God's
commands and prohibitions is not in these materialists' interests.
Masses devoid of any spiritual and moral values suit these people far
better, since they can manipulate them for their own worldly
interests. For this reason, they try to impose the theory of
evolution, which encourages the lie that mankind was not created but
rather emerged by chance and evolved from animals, and to keep it
alive at whatever costs. Despite all the clear scientific proof that
destroys the theory of evolution and confirms the fact of creation,
they abandon all reason and logic and defend this nonsense at every
available opportunity.

It has actually been proved that it is impossible for the first living
cell, or even just one of the millions of protein molecules in that
cell, to have come about by chance. This has been demonstrated not
only by experiments and observations, but also by mathematical
calculations of probability. In other words, evolution collapses at
the very first step: that of explaining the emergence of the first
living cell.

Not only could the cell, the smallest unit of life, never have come
about by chance in the primitive and uncontrolled conditions in the
early days of the Earth, as evolutionists would have us believe, it
cannot even be synthesized in the most advanced laboratories of the
twentieth century. Amino acids, the building blocks of the proteins
that make up the living cell, cannot of themselves build such
organelles in the cell as mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membranes, or
the endoplasmic reticulum, let alone a whole cell. For this reason,
the claim that evolution brought about the first cell by chance
remains the product of a fantasy based entirely on imagination.

The living cell, which still harbours many secrets that have not been
explained, is one of the major difficulties facing the theory of
evolution.

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Examples of the complex structures in cells: Right, a ribosome where
the protein synthesis takes place in the cell. Left, a "nucleosome"
which packages DNA units in the chromosome. The cell contains many
very complex structures and systems such as these, and even more
complex ones. The realisation that these complex structures,
discovered by technology as it advanced, could not have come about by
chance has placed evolutionists in a dilemma they can never solve.

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Francis Crick

Another terrible dilemma from the point of view of evolution is the
DNA molecule in the nucleus of the living cell, a coding system with
3.5 billion units containing all the details of life. DNA was first
discovered using X-ray crystallography in the late 1940s and early
1950s, and is a giant molecule with a superb plan and design. For many
years, Francis Crick, a Nobel-prize laureate, believed in the theory
of molecular evolution, but eventually even he had to admit to himself
that such a complex molecule could not have emerged spontaneously by
chance, as the result of an evolutionary process:

From the time Darwin's theory came to dominate science to the present
day, paleontology has considered the theory its very basis. Despite
this, however, excavations in many parts of the world have produced
results that conflict with the theory instead of backing it up.
Fossils show that different living groups emerged suddenly with all
their features intact-in other words that they were created.

An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could
only state that, in some sense, the origin of life appears at the
moment to be almost a miracle.1

The Turkish evolutionist Professor Ali Demirsoy was forced to make the
following confession on the issue:

In fact, the probability of the formation of a protein and a nucleic
acid (DNA-RNA) is a probability way beyond estimating. Furthermore,
the chance of the emergence of a certain protein chain is so slight as
to be called astronomic. 2

Homer Jacobson, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, makes the following
admission regarding how impossible it is for life to have come about
by chance:

Directions for the reproduction of plans, for energy and the
extraction of parts from the current environment, for the growth
sequence, and for the effector mechanism translating instructions into
growth-all had to be simultaneously present at that moment [when life
began]. This combination of events has seemed an incredibly unlikely
happenstance… 3

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Twenty-five-million-year-old termites preserved in amber. They are
indistinguishable from termites living in our time.

The fossil record represents another crushing defeat for the theory of
evolution. Among all the fossils discovered over the years, there is
not one trace of the intermediate forms that would be necessary if
living things were to have evolved stage by stage from simple species
to more complex ones, as the theory of evolution claims. If such
creatures had really existed, there would have been millions, even
billions, of them. More importantly, the remains of these creatures
should be present in the fossil record. If these intermediate forms
had ever really existed, their numbers would be even greater than the
number of animal species we know today, and everywhere the world
should be full of their fossil remains. Evolutionists look for these
intermediate forms in all the feverish fossil research that has been
carried out since the nineteenth century. However, there has been no
trace of these intermediate forms, despite all the eager searching for
the last 150 years.

In short, the fossil record shows that living species emerged suddenly
and perfectly formed, not by following a process from primitive forms
to advanced ones as evolution claims.

Evolutionists have tried very hard to find evidence for their theory
or so, but have actually proved by their own hand that no evolutionary
process could have been possible. In conclusion, modern science
reveals the following indisputable fact: Living things did not emerge
as the result of blind chance, but God created them.

2 HOW DOES THE COLLAPSE OF THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION DEMONSTRATE THE
TRUTH OF CREATION?

WHEN we ask how life on Earth emerged, we find two different answers:

One is that living things emerged by evolution. According to the
theory of evolution, which makes this claim, life began with the first
cell, which itself emerged by chance or by some hypothetical natural
laws of "self-organization." Again as a result of chance and natural
laws, this living cell developed and evolved, and by taking on
different forms gave rise to the millions of species of life on Earth.

The second answer is "Creation." All living things came into existence
by being created by an intelligent Creator. When life and the millions
of forms it takes, which could not possibly have come into existence
by chance, were first created, they had the same complete, flawless,
and superior design that they possess today. The fact that even the
simplest-looking forms of life possess such complex structures and
systems that could never have come about by chance and natural
conditions is a clear proof of this.

Outside these two alternatives, there is no third claim or hypothesis
today regarding how life emerged. According to the rules of logic, if
one answer to a question with two alternative possible answers is
proved to be false, then the other must be true. This rule, one of the
most fundamental in logic, is called disjunctive inference (modus
tollendo ponens).

In other words, if it is demonstrated that living species on Earth did
not evolve by chance, as the theory of evolution claims, then that is
clear proof that they were formed by a Creator. Scientists who support
the theory of evolution agree that there is no third alternative. One
of these, Douglas Futuyma, makes the following statement:

Organisms either appeared on the earth fully developed or they did
not. If they did not, they must have developed from pre-existing
species by some process of modification. If they did appear in a fully
developed state, they must indeed have been created by some omnipotent
intelligence. 4

The fossil record provides the answer to the evolutionist Futuyma. The
science of fossils (paleontology) shows that all living groups emerged
on Earth at different times, all at once, and perfectly formed.

All the discoveries from excavations and studies over the last hundred
years or so show that, contrary to evolutionists' expectations, living
things came into existence suddenly, in perfect and flawless form, in
other words that they were "created." Bacteria, protozoa, worms,
molluscs, and other invertebrate sea creatures, arthropods, fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all appeared suddenly, with
complex organs and systems. There are no fossils that show any so-
called "transition" between them. Paleontology bears the same message
as other branches of science: Living things did not evolve, but were
created. As a result, while evolutionists were trying to prove their
unrealistic theory, they by their own hands produced proof of
creation.

Robert Carroll, an expert on vertebrate paleontology and a committed
evolutionist, comes to admit that the Darwinist hope has not been
satisfied with fossil discoveries:

Despite more than a hundred years of intense collecting efforts since
the time of Darwin's death, the fossil record still does not yield the
picture of infinitely numerous transitional links that he expected. 5

The Cambrian Explosion is enough to tear down the theory of evolution

The world of living things is divided by biologists into such
fundamental groups as plants, animals, fungae etc. These are then
subdivided into different "phyla." When designating these phyla, the
fact that each one possesses completely different physical structures
should always be borne in mind. Arthropoda (insects, spiders, and
other creatures with jointed legs), for instance, are a phylum by
themselves, and all the animals in the phylum have the same
fundamental physical structure. The phylum called Chordata includes
those creatures with a notochord or, most commonly, a spinal column.
All the large animals such as fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals that
we are familiar in daily life are in a subphylum of Chordata known as
vertebrates.

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THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION TEARS UP THE EVOLUTIONARY "TREE OF LIFE" The
above illustration is taken from The Book of Life, published in 2001
under the editorship of the late Stephen Jay Gould, one of the world's

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most prominent evolutionists. The illustration explains which
different groups of animals emerged in which periods. On the left, the
various geological periods are listed, starting 2,500 million years
ago. The coloured columns show the major phyla of animals. (The
colours in the columns refer to different periods.) When we examine
this figure, the miracle of the Cambrian Explosion is obvious. There
is only one phylum before the Cambrian Age (the Cnidaria, which
include jellyfish and corals). In the Cambrian Age, however, 13
completely different phyla suddenly emerged. This picture is the
opposite of the theory of evolution, because evolution maintains that
living phyla increased in stages, like the branches of a tree. The
evolutionists who drew up the figure try to gloss over this gap by
talking about "theoretical links." We can see pale lines at the bottom
of the figure joining the coloured boxes (in other words, genuine
phyla of which fossil remains have been found). These are imaginary
links required by the theory of evolution, but of which no evidence
has ever been found. If the theory of evolution were true, if these
links were real and not imaginary, then fossils of transitional groups
should have been discovered. Despite all the fossil research of the
last 150 years, the fact that these links are still just a dream shows
that the theory of evolution is nothing but a fantasy.

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Marrella: One of the interesting fossil creatures found in the Burgess
Shale, a Cambrian rock formation

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A fossil from the Cambrian Age.

There are around 35 different phyla of animals, including the
Mollusca, which include soft-bodied creatures such as snails and
octopuses, or the Nematoda, which include diminutive worms. The most
important feature of these phyla is, as we touched on earlier, that
they possess totally different physical characteristics. The
categories below the phyla possess basically similar body plans, but
the phyla are very different from one another.

So how did these differences come about?

Let us first consider the Darwinist hypothesis. As we know, Darwinism
proposes that life developed from one single common ancestor, and took
on all its varieties by a series of tiny changes. In that case, life
should first have emerged in very similar and simple forms. And
according to the same theory, the differentiation between, and growing
complexity in, living things must have happened in parallel over time.

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INTERESTING SPINES: Hallucigenia: One of the creatures that suddenly
emerged in the Cambrian Age. This and many other Cambrian fossils have
hard, sharp spines to protect them from attack. One thing that
evolutionists cannot account for is how these creatures should have
such an effective defense system when there were no predators around.
The lack of predators makes it impossible to explain these spines in
terms of natural selection.

According to Darwinism, life must be like a tree, with a common root,
subsequently splitting up into different branches. And this hypothesis
is constantly emphasized in Darwinist sources, where the concept of
the "tree of life" is frequently employed. According to this tree
concept, one phylum must first emerge, and then the other phyla must
slowly come about with minute changes over very long periods of time.

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Many complex invertebrates such as starfish and jellyfish emerged
suddenly some 500 million years ago with no so-called evolutionary
ancestor before them. In other words, they were created. They were no
different from those alive today.

That is the theory of evolution's claim. But is this really how it
happened?

Definitely not. Quite the contrary, animals have been very different
and complex since the moment they first emerged. All the animal phyla
known today emerged at the same time, in the middle of the geological
period known as the Cambrian Age. The Cambrian Age is a geological
period estimated to have lasted some 65 million years, approximately
between 570 to 505 million years ago. But the period of the abrupt
appearance of major animal groups fit in an even shorter phase of the
Cambrian, often referred to as the "Cambrian explosion." Stephen C.
Meyer, P. A. Nelson, and Paul Chien, in an article based on a detailed
literature survey, dated 2001, note that the "Cambrian explosion
occurred within an exceedingly narrow window of geologic time, lasting
no more than 5 million years."6

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One of the complex invertebrates that suddenly emerged in the Cambrian
Age some 550 million years ago were the fossil trilobites above.
Another feature of trilobites that poses a quandary for evolutionists
is their compound eye structure. Trilobites' very advanced eyes
possessed a multi-lens system. That system is exactly the same as that
found in many creatures today, such as spiders, bees, and flies. The
sudden emergence of such a complex eye structure in a creature that
lived 500 million years ago is enough on its own to consign
evolutionists' theories based on chance to the waste bin.

Before then, there is no trace in the fossil record of anything apart
from single-celled creatures and a few very primitive multicellular
ones. All animal phyla emerged completely formed and all at once, in
the very short period of time represented by the Cambrian Explosion.
(Five million years is a very short time in geological terms!)

The fossils found in Cambrian rocks belong to very different
creatures, such as snails, trilobites, sponges, jellyfish, starfish,
shellfish, etc. Most of the creatures in this layer have complex
systems and advanced structures, such as eyes, gills, and circulatory
systems, exactly the same as those in modern specimens. These
structures are at one and the same time very advanced, and very
different.

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Prof. Philip Johnson

Richard Monastersky, a staff writer at Science News journal, states
the following about the Cambrian explosion, which is a deathtrap for
evolutionary theory:

A half-billion years ago, ...the remarkably complex forms of animals
we see today suddenly appeared. This moment, right at the start of
Earth's Cambrian Period, some 550 million years ago, marks the
evolutionary explosion that filled the seas with the world's first
complex creatures.7

Phillip Johnson, a professor at the University of California at
Berkeley who is also one of the world's foremost critics of Darwinism,
describes the contradiction between this paleontological truth and
Darwinism:

Darwinian theory predicts a "cone of increasing diversity," as the
first living organism, or first animal species, gradually and
continually diversified to create the higher levels of taxonomic
order. The animal fossil record more resembles such a cone turned
upside down, with the phyla present at the start and thereafter
decreasing. 8

As Phillip Johnson has revealed, far from its being the case that
phyla came about by stages, in reality they all came into being at
once, and some of them even became extinct in later periods. The
meaning of the emergence of very different living creatures all of a
sudden and perfectly formed, is creation, as evolutionist Futuyma has
also accepted. As we have seen, all the available scientific
discoveries disprove the claims of the theory of evolution and reveal
the truth of creation.

To read the remaining of the twenty-question

See this link

http://www.harunyahya.com/20questions01.php

http://www.harunyahya.com/20questions02.php

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